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Figure 1. Typical EasySep™ Direct Human CD4+ T Cell Isolation Profile
Starting with human whole blood from normal healthy donors, the typical CD4+ T cell (CD3+CD4+) content of the non-lysed final isolated fraction is 93.6 ± 2.5% (gated on CD45) or 93.1 ± 2.5% (not gated on CD45). In the example above, the CD4+ T cell (CD3+CD4+) content of the lysed whole blood start sample and non-lysed final isolated fraction is 16.5% and 95.8% (gated on CD45), respectively, or 16.3% and 95.1% (not gated on CD45), respectively. The starting frequency of CD4+ T cells in the non-lysed whole blood start sample is 0.016% (data not shown).
This product is designed for use in the following research area(s) as part of the highlighted workflow stage(s). Explore these workflows to learn more about the other products we offer to support each research area.
Can EasySep™ be used for either positive or negative selection?
Yes. The EasySep™ kits use either a negative selection approach by targeting and removing unwanted cells or a positive selection approach targeting desired cells. Depletion kits are also available for the removal of cells with a specific undesired marker (e.g. GlyA).
How does the separation work?
Magnetic particles are crosslinked to cells using Tetrameric Antibody Complexes (TAC). When placed in the EasySep™ Magnet, labeled cells migrate to the wall of the tube. The unlabeled cells are then poured off into a separate fraction.
Which columns do I use?
The EasySep™ procedure is column-free. That's right - no columns!
How can I analyze the purity of my enriched sample?
The Product Information Sheet provided with each EasySep™ kit contains detailed staining information.
Can EasySep™ separations be automated?
Yes. RoboSep™, the fully automated cell separator, automates all EasySep™ labeling and cell separation steps.
Can EasySep™ be used to isolate rare cells?
Yes. We recommend a cell concentration of 2x108 cells/mL and a minimum working volume of 100 µL. Samples containing 2x107 cells or fewer should be suspended in 100 µL of buffer.
Are the EasySep™ magnetic particles FACS-compatible?
Yes, the EasySep™ particles are flow cytometry-compatible, as they are very uniform in size and about 5000X smaller than other commercially available magnetic beads used with column-free systems.
Can the EasySep™ magnetic particles be removed after enrichment?
No, but due to the small size of these particles, they will not interfere with downstream applications.
Can I alter the separation time in the magnet?
Yes; however, this may impact the kit's performance. The provided EasySep™ protocols have already been optimized to balance purity, recovery and time spent on the isolation.
For positive selection, can I perform more than 3 separations to increase purity?
Yes, the purity of targeted cells will increase with additional rounds of separations; however, cell recovery will decrease.
How does the binding of the EasySep™ magnetic particle affect the cells? is the function of positively selected cells altered by the bound particles?
Hundreds of publications have used cells selected with EasySep™ positive selection kits for functional studies. Our in-house experiments also confirm that selected cells are not functionally altered by the EasySep™ magnetic particles.
If particle binding is a key concern, we offer two options for negative selection. The EasySep™ negative selection kits can isolate untouched cells with comparable purities, while RosetteSep™ can isolate untouched cells directly from whole blood without using particles or magnets.
The BLT Humanized Mouse Model as a Tool for Studying Human Gamma Delta T Cell-HIV Interactions In Vivo. S. Biradar et al. Frontiers in immunology 2022
Abstract
Gamma-delta (??) T cells recognize antigens in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) independent and have cytotoxic capability. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reduces the proportion of the V?2 cell subset compared to the V?1 cell subset of ?? T cells in the blood in most infected individuals, except for elite controllers. The capacity of V?2 T cells to kill HIV-infected targets has been demonstrated in vitro, albeit in vivo confirmatory studies are lacking. Here, we provide the first characterization of ?? T cell-HIV interactions in bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) humanized mice and examined the immunotherapeutic potential of V?2 T cells in controlling HIV replication in vivo. We demonstrate a reduced proportion of V?2 T cells and an increased proportion of V?1 T cells in HIV-infected BLT humanized mice, like in HIV-positive individuals. HIV infection in BLT humanized mice also impaired the ex vivo expansion of V?2 T cells, like in HIV-positive individuals. Adoptive transfer of activated V?2 T cells did not control HIV replication during cell-associated HIV transmission in BLT humanized mice but instead exacerbated viremia, suggesting that V?2 T cells may serve as early targets for HIV replication. Our findings demonstrate that BLT humanized mice can model ?? T cell-HIV interactions in vivo.
High-CBD Extract (CBD-X) Downregulates Cytokine Storm Systemically and Locally in Inflamed Lungs. M. Aswad et al. Frontiers in immunology 2022
Abstract
Cytokine storm refers to the dysregulated production of inflammatory mediators leading to hyperinflammation. They are often detrimental, and worsen the severity of COVID-19 and other infectious or inflammatory diseases. Cannabinoids are known to have anti-inflammatory effects but their possible therapeutic value on cytokine storms has not been fully elucidated. In vivo and ex vivo studies were carried out to investigate the effects of high-THC and high-CBD extracts on cytokine production in immune cells. Significant differences between the extracts were observed. Subsequent experiments focusing on a specific high CBD extract (CBD-X) showed significant reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines in human-derived PBMCs, neutrophils and T cells. In vivo mouse studies, using a systemically inflamed mouse model, showed reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ and a concurrent increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in response to CBD-X extract treatment. Lung inflammation, as in severe COVID-19 disease, is characterized by increased T-cell homing to the lungs. Our investigation revealed that CBD-X extract impaired T-cell migration induced by the chemoattractant SDF1. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling proteins Lck and Zap70 were significantly reduced, demonstrating an inhibitory effect on the early events downstream to TCR activation. In a lung inflamed mouse model, we observed a reduction in leukocytes including neutrophil migration to the lungs and decreased levels of IL-1$\beta$, MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF$\alpha$, in response to the administration of the high-CBD extract. The results presented in this work offer that certain high-CBD extract has a high potential in the management of pathological conditions, in which the secretion of cytokines is dysregulated, as it is in severe COVID-19 disease or other infectious or inflammatory diseases.
Multispecific Targeting with Synthetic Ankyrin Repeat Motif Chimeric Antigen Receptors. A. Balakrishnan et al. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2019 sep
Abstract
PURPOSE The outgrowth of antigen-negative variants is a significant challenge for adoptive therapy with T cells that target a single specificity. Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are typically designed with one or two scFvs that impart antigen specificity fused to activation and costimulation domains of T-cell signaling molecules. We designed and evaluated the function of CARs with up to three specificities for overcoming tumor escape using Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) rather than scFvs for tumor recognition. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A monospecific CAR was designed with a DARPin binder (E01) specific for EGFR and compared with a CAR designed using an anti-EGFR scFv. CAR constructs in which DARPins specific for EGFR, EpCAM, and HER2 were linked together in a single CAR were then designed and optimized to achieve multispecific tumor recognition. The efficacy of CAR-T cells bearing a multispecific DARPin CAR for treating tumors with heterogeneous antigen expression was evaluated in vivo. RESULTS The monospecific anti-EGFR E01 DARPin conferred potent tumor regression against EGFR+ targets that was comparable with an anti-EGFR scFv CAR. Linking three separate DARPins in tandem was feasible and in an optimized format generated a single tumor recognition domain that targeted a mixture of heterogeneous tumor cells, each expressing a single antigen, and displayed synergistic activity when tumor cells expressed more than one target antigen. CONCLUSIONS DARPins can serve as high-affinity recognition motifs for CAR design, and their robust architecture enables linking of multiple binders against different antigens to achieve functional synergy and reduce antigen escape.
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