重组人/小鼠激活素A

总览

激活素A是转化生长因子β (TGF-β)蛋白家族的一员，该蛋白家族由多种细胞类型在发育过程中产生（Gurdon等人）。它是一种二硫连接的同型二聚体（由两个 β-A 链组成），与I型（Act RI-A和Act RI-B）和II型（Act RII - A和 Act RII - B）丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶受体的异聚物复合物结合（Attisano等人）。激活素主要通过 SMAD2/3 蛋白传递信号，调控包括细胞增殖、分化、创伤愈合、凋亡和代谢在内的多种功能（McDowell 等人）。激活素 A 可维持人胚胎干细胞的未分化状态（James 等人；Xiao 等人），同时也促进其向确定性内胚层分化（D’Amour 等人）。

亚型
细胞因子

细胞类型
内胚层，PSC衍生，中胚层，PSC衍生，其它细胞系，多能干细胞

种属
人，小鼠

研究领域
上皮细胞研究，干细胞生物学

纯度
≥ 95 %

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Data Figures

(A) The biological activity of Human/Mouse Recombinant Activin A was tested by its ability to induce cytotoxicity of MPC-11 cells. Cytotoxicity was measured after 48 hours of culture using a fluorometric assay method. The EC50 is defined as the effective concentration of the growth factor at which cell death is at 50% of maximum. The EC50 in the above example is 1.9 - 2.9 ng/mL.
(B) 1 μg of Human/Mouse Recombinant Activin A was resolved with SDS-PAGE under reducing (+) and non-reducing (-) conditions visualized by Coomassie Blue staining. Human/Mouse Recombinant Activin A is a homodimer with a predicted molecular mass of 26.2 kDa.

Protocols and Documentation

Find supporting information and directions for use in the Product Information Sheet or explore additional protocols below.

Document Type

Product Name

Catalog #

Lot #

Language

Document Type

Product Information Sheet

Product Name

Human/Mouse Recombinant Activin A

Catalog #

78001.2, 78001.3, 78001.1, 78001

Lot #

All

Language

English

Document Type

Safety Data Sheet

Product Name

Human/Mouse Recombinant Activin A

Catalog #

78001.2, 78001.3, 78001.1, 78001

Lot #

All

Language

English

Applications

This product is designed for use in the following research area(s) as part of the highlighted workflow stage(s). Explore these workflows to learn more about the other products we offer to support each research area.

Research Area

Workflow Stages

Workflow Stages for hPSC-Derived Endoderm Cell Research

Endoderm Induction

Characterization and Isolation

Downstream Differentiation

Workflow Stages for Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cell Research

Reprogramming

Maintenance

Differentiation

Resources and Publications

Effect of chromatin structure on the extent and distribution of DNA double strand breaks produced by ionizing radiation; comparative study of hESC and differentiated cells lines Venkatesh P et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2016 JAN

Abstract

Chromatin structure affects the extent of DNA damage and repair. Thus, it has been shown that heterochromatin is more protective against DNA double strand breaks (DSB) formation by ionizing radiation (IR); and that DNA DSB repair may proceed differently in hetero- and euchromatin regions. Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have a more open chromatin structure than differentiated cells. Here, we study the effect of chromatin structure in hESC on initial DSB formation and subsequent DSB repair. DSB were scored by comet assay; and DSB repair was assessed by repair foci formation via 53BP1 antibody staining. We found that in hESC, heterochromatin is confined to distinct regions, while in differentiated cells it is distributed more evenly within the nuclei. The same dose of ionizing radiation produced considerably more DSB in hESC than in differentiated derivatives, normal human fibroblasts; and one cancer cell line. At the same time, the number of DNA repair foci were not statistically different among these cells. We showed that in hESC, DNA repair foci localized almost exclusively outside the heterochromatin regions. We also noticed that exposure to ionizing radiation resulted in an increase in heterochromatin marker H3K9me3 in cancer HT1080 cells, and to a lesser extent in IMR90 normal fibroblasts, but not in hESCs. These results demonstrate the importance of chromatin conformation for DNA protection and DNA damage repair; and indicate the difference of these processes in hESC.

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Stimulation of cultured h9 human embryonic stem cells with thyroid stimulating hormone does not lead to formation of thyroid-like cells. Onyshchenko MI et al. Stem Cells International 2012 JAN

Abstract

The sodium-iodine symporter (NIS) is expressed on the cell membrane of many thyroid cancer cells, and is responsible for the radioactive iodine accumulation. However, treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer is ineffective due to the low expression of NIS on cell membranes of these tumor cells. Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide a potential vehicle to study the mechanisms of NIS expression regulation during differentiation. Human ESCs were maintained on feeder-independent culture conditions. RT-qPCR and immunocytochemistry were used to study differentiation marker expression, (125)I uptake to study NIS function. We designed a two-step protocol for human ESC differentiation into thyroid-like cells, as was previously done for mouse embryonic stem cells. First, we obtained definitive endoderm from human ESCs. Second, we directed differentiation of definitive endoderm cells into thyroid-like cells using various factors, with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) as the main differentiating factor. Expression of pluripotency, endoderm and thyroid markers and (125)I uptake were monitored throughout the differentiation steps. These approaches did not result in efficient induction of thyroid-like cells. We conclude that differentiation of human ESCs into thyroid cells cannot be induced by TSH media supplementation alone and most likely involves complicated developmental patterns that are yet to be understood.

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