产品号 #73252_C
AMPK 激活剂；线粒体呼吸链复合物 I 抑制剂
总览
二甲双胍是AMP活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）通路的激活剂，也是线粒体呼吸链复合物1的抑制剂(Rena等人；Viollet等人)。它作为一种抗高血糖药，科降低血浆葡萄糖水平，改善胰岛素敏感性（Viollet等人）。本产品以分子盐酸盐的形式提供。
分化
·通过激活aPKC-CBP通路，在体外促进小鼠皮质前体和人前脑神经前体，以及在体内促进成年小鼠中枢神经系统的神经发生（Wang等人）。
代谢
·刺激骨骼肌的葡萄糖摄取并抑制肝脏的糖异生(Kim等人；Shaw等人)。
·改善肥胖（ob/ob）小鼠的脂肪肝疾病（非酒精性脂肪肝）（Lin 等）。
·抑制小鼠棕色脂肪细胞中脂肪细胞激素瘦素的分泌（Klein等人）。
癌症研究
·在多种癌细胞系和小鼠异种移植模型中抑制肿瘤细胞生长（Dowling等人；Zakikhani等人；Isakovic等人)。
·抑制与癌症干细胞生长相关的炎症反应（Hirsch等人）。
细胞类型
脂肪细胞，癌细胞及细胞系，肌源干/祖细胞，神经干/祖细胞
种属
人，小鼠，非人灵长类，其它细胞系，大鼠
应用
分化
研究领域
癌症，上皮细胞研究，免疫，代谢，神经科学
CAS 编号
1115-70-4
化学式
C₄H₁₁N₅ · HCl
纯度
≥98%
通路
AMPK，线粒体呼吸链复合体
靶点
AMPK
Protocols and Documentation
Find supporting information and directions for use in the Product Information Sheet or explore additional protocols below.
Applications
This product is designed for use in the following research area(s) as part of the highlighted workflow stage(s). Explore these workflows to learn more about the other products we offer to support each research area.
Resources and Publications
Educational Materials (3)
Publications (13)
Metformin inhibits the inflammatory response associated with cellular transformation and cancer stem cell growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013 JAN
Abstract
Metformin, the first-line drug for treating diabetes, inhibits cellular transformation and selectively kills cancer stem cells in breast cancer cell lines. In a Src-inducible model of cellular transformation, metformin inhibits the earliest known step in the process, activation of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. Metformin strongly delays cellular transformation in a manner similar to that occurring upon a weaker inflammatory stimulus. Conversely, inhibition of transformation does not occur if metformin is added after the initial inflammatory stimulus. The antitransformation effect of metformin can be bypassed by overexpression of Lin28B or IL1β, downstream targets of NF-κB. Metformin preferentially inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of STAT3 in cancer stem cells compared with non-stem cancer cells in the same population. The ability of metformin to block tumor growth and prolong remission in xenografts in combination with doxorubicin is associated with decreased function of the inflammatory feedback loop. Lastly, metformin-based combinatorial therapy is effective in xenografts involving inflammatory prostate and melanoma cell lines, whereas it is ineffective in noninflammatory cell lines from these lineages. Taken together, our observations suggest that metformin inhibits a signal transduction pathway that results in an inflammatory response. As metformin alters energy metabolism in diabetics, we speculate that metformin may block a metabolic stress response that stimulates the inflammatory pathway associated with a wide variety of cancers.
Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights? Diabetologia 2013
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line drug treatment for type 2 diabetes. Globally, over 100 million patients are prescribed this drug annually. Metformin was discovered before the era of target-based drug discovery and its molecular mechanism of action remains an area of vigorous diabetes research. An improvement in our understanding of metformin's molecular targets is likely to enable target-based identification of second-generation drugs with similar properties, a development that has been impossible up to now. The notion that 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates the anti-hyperglycaemic action of metformin has recently been challenged by genetic loss-of-function studies, thrusting the AMPK-independent effects of the drug into the spotlight for the first time in more than a decade. Key AMPK-independent effects of the drug include the mitochondrial actions that have been known for many years and which are still thought to be the primary site of action of metformin. Coupled with recent evidence of AMPK-independent effects on the counter-regulatory hormone glucagon, new paradigms of AMPK-independent drug action are beginning to take shape. In this review we summarise the recent research developments on the molecular action of metformin.
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) provides a metabolic barrier to reprogramming somatic cells into stem cells. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 2012 MAR
Abstract
The ability of somatic cells to reprogram their ATP-generating machinery into a Warburg-like glycolytic metabotype while overexpressing stemness genes facilitates their conversion into either induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or tumor-propagating cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic master switch that senses and decodes intracellular changes in energy status; thus, we have evaluated the impact of AMPK activation in regulating the generation of iPSCs from nonstem cells of somatic origin. The indirect and direct activation of AMPK with the antidiabetic biguanide metformin and the thienopyridone A-769662, respectively, impeded the reprogramming of mouse embryonic and human diploid fibroblasts into iPSCs. The AMPK activators established a metabolic barrier to reprogramming that could not be bypassed, even through p53 deficiency, a fundamental mechanism to greatly improve the efficiency of stem-cell production. Treatment with metformin or A-769662 before the generation of iPSC colonies was sufficient to drastically decrease iPSC generation, suggesting that AMPK activation impedes early stem cell genetic reprogramming. Monitoring the transcriptional activation status of each individual reprogramming factor (i.e., Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc) revealed that AMPK activation notably prevented the transcriptional activation of Oct4, the master regulator of the pluripotent state. AMPK activation appears to impose a normalized metabolic flow away from the required pro-immortalizing glycolysis that fuels the induction of stemness and pluripotency, endowing somatic cells with an energetic infrastructure that is protected against reprogramming. AMPK-activating anti-reprogramming strategies may provide a roadmap for the generation of novel cancer therapies that metabolically target tumor-propagating cells.
更多信息
| Species | Human, Mouse, Non-Human Primate, Other, Rat |
|---|---|
| Cas Number | 1115-70-4 |
| Chemical Formula | C₄H₁₁N₅ · HCl |
| Purity | ≥ 98% |
| Target | AMPK |
| Pathway | AMPK, Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complex |
PRODUCTS ARE FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND NOT INTENDED FOR HUMAN OR ANIMAL DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON QUALITY AT STEMCELL, REFER TO WWW.STEMCELL.COM/COMPLIANCE.
